Common building stones, their compositions, properties, uses and occurrence are given below: 1. Granite: Composition: It is igneous rock. Its main constituent minerals are Quartz, (hard and least affected by carbon dioxide and water) Felspar (crystalline, lustrous, readily attacked by atmospheric agencies) and Mica (dark grey, black or brown in colour, soft, readily affected by chemicals and atmospheric agencies). Characteristics: [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Sources of Stones 2. Common Rock Forming Minerals 3. Characteristics 4. Uses and Selection 5. Deterioration 6. Preservation 7. Tests 8. Natural Bed of Stone. Contents: Sources of Stones Common Rock Forming Minerals Characteristics of Good Building Stones Uses of Stones and their Selection Deterioration of Stones Preservation of Stones Tests of [...]
The various types of retaining walls are given as below: 1. Masonry Retaining Wall 2. Semi-Gravity Type Retaining Wall 3. Canti Lever Type Retaining Wall 4. Counter Fort Type Retaining Wall 5. Buttressed Walls. Type # 1. Masonry Retaining Wall: These retaining walls are constructed by using the stone blocks or bricks as masonry materials. The constructional feature of this [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Culvert 2. Types of Culvert 3. General Design Principle 4. Design. Meaning of Culvert: A small bridge may be of 3 to 4 spans with the length of span not more than 3 m is known as culvert. In case of highway where culverts are constructed to cross the small [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Buffeting Theories on Long-Span Cable Supported Bridges 2. Refinement of Buffeting Theory 3. Buffeting Response Spectrum Method 4. Buffeting Response Analysis in Time Domain 5. Passive TMD Control of Buffeting 6. Conclusion. Introduction to Buffeting Theories on Long-Span Cable Supported Bridges: The wind-induced vibration of long-span cable supported bridges (cable-stayed [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Steel – A Construction Material 2. Production of Steel 3. Properties 4. Fire Protection 5. Fatigue Effect 6. Brittle Fracture 7. Corrosion Protection 8. Structural Steel Products 9. Sectional Properties 10. Structural Idealization 11. Structural Elements 12. Structural Design. Steel – A Construction Material: Steel is the most commonly used structural metal, [...]
Determination of the loads for which a structure has to be proportioned is an important task in a design. The various loads that are likely to act on a structure and the possible combinations of such loads that can act are all points to be considered. Dead load refers to the weight of a structure. It is necessary to estimate [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Principle of Welding of Steel 2. Standard Welding Processes of Steel 3. Defects 4. Inspection 5. Welding Positions 6. General Considerations 7. Economy 8. Advantages and Disadvantages. Principle of Welding of Steel: Welding is a process of connecting metal parts by fusion. Arc welding and oxy-acetylene welding are the two usual methods [...]