The following article will guide you about how to design and construct landscape. Landscape Design: The basic concept of landscape design is to create attractive and functional outdoor spaces for different uses by using horticultural science, aesthetic composition and spatial organization. The elements and principles are used to create spaces visually pleasing to the eye. The design process begins by [...]
The sewers are generally designed as open channels except when it is specially required to design them as conduits carrying sewage under pressure as in the case of inverted siphons. Thus various empirical formulae which are used for the design of open channels are used for the design of sewers. The following empirical hydraulic formulae are commonly used for the [...]
The following article will guide you about how to design storm water and surface drains. Design of Storm Water Drains: In a separate sewerage system storm water (or rain water) is not mixed with the domestic or sanitary sewage but it is carried separately through storm water drains and disposed of into a large water body such as stream, lake [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design cylindrical tanks for storing domestic and industrial water. Cylindrical tanks may have flat bottom or spherical bottom or conical bottom. A flat bottomed cylindrical tank having a height greater than the diameter is called a stand pipe. Such a tank rests on the foundation directly. The tank may also be [...]
Nowadays in many situations, concrete is placed through pipes. Thus the Engineer in-charge must be acquainted with the pumpable concrete. Pumpable concrete is not a special concrete, but an ordinary concrete which can be pushed through a pipe line is called a pumpable concrete. This concrete should be proportioned in such a way that its friction on the inner walls [...]
For the mix design of concrete following data is required: 1. Characteristic (Targeted) Compressive Strength at 28 days 2. Degree of Workability (Selection of Water-Cement Ratio) 3. Estimation of Entrapped Air 4. Selection of Water-Cement and Fine to Total Aggregate Ratio 5. Calculation of Cement Content 6. Calculation for Aggregate Content and a Few Others. 1. Characteristic Compressive Strength at [...]
The following points highlight the five methods of concrete mix design. The methods are: 1. American Method of Mix Design 2. Graphic Method of Mix Design 3. Mix Design by Indian Standard Method 4. American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design 5. Rapid Method of Mix Design. 1. American Method of Mix Design: The American Concrete Institute (ACI) method is [...]
The following points highlight the DOE methods of concrete mix design. The methods are: 1. The Department of Environment's Design Method (DOE Method) 2. Concrete Mix Design by DOE Method using Fly Ash. 1. The Department of Environment's Design Method (DOE Method): The DOE method of mix design is an improvement over Road Note No. 4 method. This method of [...]