Boundary Layer Fluid Flow: Notes, Layer Thickness, Equations and Solved Problems and examples. Introduction to Boundary Layer: In an ideal fluid shear stresses are totally absent. So when an ideal fluid should flow over a boundary there are no resistances between the boundary and the fluid and the fluid simply slips smoothly over the boundary surface. But, when a real [...]
Impact of Jet on a Plate or Vane: Notes and Viva Questions. Introduction to Jet: A jet of water issuing from a nozzle has a velocity and hence it possesses a kinetic energy. If this jet strikes a plate then it is said to have an impact on the plate. The jet will exert a force on the plate which [...]
Hydraulic Turbines: Lecture Notes, Suitability, Runaway Speed and Draft Tube. [With equations and examples] Note # 1. Introduction to Hydraulic Turbines: A hydraulic turbine is a prime mover which converts a substantial part of the potential and kinetic energy of flowing water to mechanical energy. Water stored in high level reservoirs like dams has enormous potential energy. This water having [...]
Radial Flow Turbines: Outward and Inward Flow Reaction Turbines (With Examples) The Outward Flow Reaction Turbine: This turbine consists of a cylindrical disc mounted on a shaft and provided with vanes around the perimeter. At inlet water flows into the wheel at the centre and then glides through radially provided fixed guide vanes and then flows over the moving vanes. [...]
Learn about the comparison between Francis and Kaplan turbines. Comparison # Kaplan Turbine: 1. Kaplan turbine is a compact unit. 2. For a given head and output Kaplan turbine runs at a higher speed. 3. This is an axial flow turbine. 4. This turbine has a small number of blades (generally 4). 5. Loss of energy due to friction of [...]
Centrifugal Pump : Notes, Application, Methods, Principle and Diagram! Notes on Centrifugal Pump: While a turbine is a device to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, a pump is a device to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. A centrifugal pump acts as a reversed turbine except that in this device special modifications are made to increase the efficiency. Centrifugal [...]
Pelton Wheel: Setting, Diagrams and Problem and Solutions! Notes on Pelton Wheel: The Pelton wheel (named after an American engineer L.A. Pelton is a parallel flow impulse turbine. The pelton wheel is today the most popular impulse turbine provided in situations where the head of water is 250 m or more. Since the head of water is large, the quantity [...]
Expansion and Compression of a Gas: Isothermal, Adiabatic or Isentropic Process (With Equation)! When a gas flows in a conduit pressure variations bring about expansions and contractions. Such expansions or contractions of a gas between two points may be brought about by any of the following processes, namely – 1. Isothermal Process 2. Adiabatic or Isentropic Process. 1. Isothermal Process: [...]
Reciprocating Pumps: Parts, Diagram, Types and Working Principle! Introduction to Reciprocating Pumps: A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. This means, the liquid is first sucked into a cylinder and then displaced or pushed by the thrust of a piston or plunger. The pump consists of a cylinder and a piston. The cylinder is in communication with suction and [...]
Governing of a Turbine: Oil Pressure Governor, Needle Valve and Surge Tank! Meaning of Governing of a Turbine: Governing of a turbine means regulating the speed of the turbine. This is accomplished by the use of a turbine governor. A governor is the means to maintain the turbine at a constant design speed even though the load on the turbine [...]