The compass ring is graduated to half a degree but the readings can be well estimated to 15 minutes, which means that the error of reading should not exceed 7½ minutes. But due to magnetic changes and variation of declination etc., the readings can seldom be relied upon to less than 10 minutes, therefore, the […]
Error Occurs in Compass Surveying of Land | Compass Surveying| Surveying
Article shared by : 
Bearing of a Line and Its Designation | Compass Surveying | Surveying
Article shared by :
After reading this article you will learn about the meaning of bearing of a line and its designation with examples. Bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which a line makes with some reference direction also known as meridian. The reference direction may be any of the following: 1. A true meridian 2. A […]
Calculation of Angles from Bearings | Compass Surveying | Surveying
Article shared by :
Bearings of lines may be calculated if bearing of one of the lines and the included angles measured clockwise between the various lines are given. Bearing of a line = given bearing + included angle. Note: In a closed traverse, where local attraction is not suspected i.e. difference between F.B. and B.B of all lines […]
Field-Work in Compass Surveying | Compass Surveying |Surveying
Article shared by :
After reading this article you will learn about the field-work in compass surveying. 1. Field-Party: It will consist of four persons: (i) Surveyor for taking bearings of the lines, recording field-notes and imparting instructions to other party members. (ii) Two chainmen for chaining the survey lines. (iii) One flagman, cum pegman to fix stations, pegs […]
Local Attraction (With Remedies) | Compass Surveying | Surveying
Article shared by :
This article provides a note on local attraction along with its remedies and examples. The magnetic needle is disturbed from its normal position if it is under the influence of external attractive forces called the sources of local attraction. Such a disturbing influence is known as local attraction. The term is also used to denote […]
Problems in Ranging and Chaining of a Line | Chain Surveying | Surveying
Article shared by :
This article throws light upon the six major problems in ranging and chaining of a line. Problem # 1. To erect, with a tape, a perpendicular to a chain line from a point on it: It can be done by forming a right angled triangle by taking three sides of a triangle in the proportion […]
Magnetic Declination: Meaning and Variation | Compass Surveying |Surveying
Article shared by :
After reading this article you will learn about the meaning and variation of magnetic declination, with some examples. Meaning of Magnetic Declination: Except in few places, the magnetic meridian at a place does not coincide with the true meridian at that place. The horizontal angle which the magnetic mariotion makes with the true meridian is […]
Limiting the Length of an Offset in Chain Survey | Chain Surveying |Surveying
Article shared by :
The limit of length of the offset is below 15 and should not increase 15 m if its direction is set simply by eye or by tape. However, the length of offset mainly depends upon: (i) The scale of the plan (ii) The accuracy desired (iii) The maximum permissible error in eye judgement in laying […]
5 Main Methods of Plotting a Traverse Survey | Compass Surveying |Surveying
Article shared by :
The following are the five main methods of plotting a traverse survey: 1. By Parallel Meridians through Each Station 2. By Included Angles 3. By Central Meridian or Paper Protractor 4. By Rectangular Co-Ordinates 5. By Chords. Method # 1. By Parallel Meridians through Each Station: Having fixed suitably, the position of the starting point […]
Scale of Map: Construction and Classification | Chain Surveying | Surveying
Article shared by :
After reading this article you will learn about the construction and classification of scale of a map. Construction of Scales of a Map: In plotting a survey, often an object to be represented on paper is so large that it would be inconvenient to make a full sized drawing of it. The drawing or map […]