The different methods available for measuring water in open channels may be grouped as: 1. Velocity-area methods, and 2. Direct discharge methods. 1. Velocity-Area Methods: In these methods the velocity of flow in the channel is measured by some means and the discharge is calculated from the velocity and the area of cross-section by using Q=AV. The common methods for [...]
Several methods are available for measuring flow in pipes. Only a few of them which can be used on the farm are discussed here: 1. Volumetric Measurements: Flow measurements by this method are made by measuring the time required for the flow to fill a container of known volume. Volume divided by time is equal to the rate of flow. [...]
For detecting the presence of bacteria of coliform group and measuring their concentration in water the following methods are adopted: I. Total Count or Agar Plate Count Test: In this lest, bacteria are cultivated on specially prepared medium of agar for different dilutions of sample of water with sterilised/distilled water. The dilutions commonly used are 1/10, 1/100 etc. The diluted [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Mechanism of Precipitation 2. Types of Precipitation 3. Measurement 4. Average Annual Rainfall, Maximum and Minimum Annual Rainfall. Mechanism of Precipitation: Water vapour from which precipitation is derived is present in the atmosphere as a gas in varying amount at all times. The absolute amount of vapour in the air depends upon [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to remove colour, odour and taste from water. Aeration: Aeration is a process in which water is brought in intimate contact with atmospheric air to promote exchange of gases between water and atmospheric air. The aeration of water serves the following purposes: (i) In the course of aeration, oxygen from atmospheric air [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Estimating the Water Demand for a Town or City 2. Variations in the Rate of Demand of Water 3. Effect of Variations in Demand of Water. Estimating the Water Demand for a Town or City: For estimating the water demand or the quantity of water required for a town or city the [...]
In this article we will discuss about interference among wells and flow in a well. Interference among Wells: If two or more wells are located so close to each other that when they are discharging their drawdown curves intersect then one well is said to interfere with the other. Observations indicate that due to the interference of wells the discharge [...]
The various types of water demands for a town or city may be divided into the following five categories: 1. Domestic Water Demand 2. Commercial and Industrial Water Demand 3. Demand for Civic or Public Use 4. Fire Demand 5. Loss and Waste of Water. In order to estimate the total water demand of a town or city it is [...]
In this article we will discuss about well shrouding and well development. Well Shrouding: The shrouding is a layer of coarse material such as gravel and coarse sand interposed in the annular space between the well pipe and the aquifer soil. The shrouding prevents the finer particles of the soil coming in contact with the strainer and choking it, acts [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to construct tube wells. Construction of Shallow Tube Wells: Shallow tube wells are constructed by boring, driving and jetting. The wells constructed by these methods are designated as bored wells, driven wells and jetted wells. These methods are briefly described below: (i) Bored Wells: Where, water table exists at a shallow depth [...]