The following two methods are generally adopted to find the areas from the previously plotted plans. The methods are: 1. Graphical Method. 2. Instrumental Method. 1. Graphical Method: In this method, the required data is obtained from measurements of the plan. The area may be found: (i) By the help of some geometrical figures or (ii) By the application of [...]
This article throws light upon the four main instruments that are used in land surveying. The instruments are: 1. Hand Level 2. Clinometers 3. Enlarging and Reducing Plans 4. Box-Sextant. Instrument # 1. Hand Level: (Fig. 13.1): This is a simple, compact hand instrument used for locating contours, taking cross-sections etc. in preliminary reconnaissance surveys where great accuracy is not [...]
The following instruments are used while chaining: 1. Chain 2. Arrows 3. Tapes 4. Ranging Rods 5. Offset Rod 6. Pegs. Instrument # 1. Chain: It is composed of a fixed number of pieces of galvanised mild steel wire 4 mm (8 s.w.g.) in diameter known as links. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected [...]
This article throws light upon the four main direct methods that are available for measuring distance. The direct methods are: 1. Pacing 2. Instrumental Method 3. Judging Distance and Time Measurements 4. Chaining. Direct Method # 1. Pacing: The method consists in walking over a line and counting the number of paces. The average pace length may be taken as [...]